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ISACA Certified Cybersecurity Operations Analyst Sample Questions (Q103-Q108):

NEW QUESTION # 103
Which of the following is the PRIMARY benefit of a cybersecurity risk management program?

A. implementation of effective controls
B. Reduction of compliance requirements
C. Alignment with Industry standards
D. Identification of data protection processes

Answer: A

Explanation:
The primary benefit of a cybersecurity risk management program is theimplementation of effective controls to reduce the risk of cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
* Risk Identification and Assessment:The program identifies risks to the organization, including threats and vulnerabilities.
* Control Implementation:Based on the identified risks, appropriate security controls are put in place to mitigate them.
* Ongoing Monitoring:Ensures that implemented controls remain effective and adapt to evolving threats.
* Strategic Alignment:Helps align cybersecurity practices with organizational objectives and risk tolerance.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Identification of data protection processes:While important, it is a secondary outcome.
* B. Reduction of compliance requirements:A risk management program does not inherently reduce compliance needs.
* C. Alignment with Industry standards:This is a potential benefit but not the primary one.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 1, Section "Risk Management and Security Programs" - Effective risk management leads to the development and implementation of robust controls tailored to identified risks.

NEW QUESTION # 104
The enterprise is reviewing its security posture byreviewing unencrypted web traffic in the SIEM.
How many unique IPs have received well knownunencrypted web connections from the beginning of2022 to the end of 2023 (Absolute)?

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation.
Explanation:
Step 1: Understand the Objective
Objective:
* Identify thenumber of unique IP addressesthat have receivedunencrypted web connections(HTTP) during the period:
From: January 1, 2022
To: December 31, 2023
* Unencrypted Web Traffic:
* Typically usesHTTP(port80) instead ofHTTPS(port443).
Step 2: Prepare the Environment
2.1: Access the SIEM System
* Login Details:
* URL:https://10.10.55.2
* Username:ccoatest@isaca.org
* Password:Security-Analyst!
* Access via web browser:
firefox https://10.10.55.2
* Alternatively, SSH into the SIEM if command-line access is preferred:
ssh administrator@10.10.55.2
* Password: Security-Analyst!
Step 3: Locate Web Traffic Logs
3.1: Identify Log Directory
* Common log locations:
swift
/var/log/
/var/log/nginx/
/var/log/httpd/
/home/administrator/hids/logs/
* Navigate to the log directory:
cd /var/log/
ls -l
* Look specifically forweb server logs:
ls -l | grep -E "http|nginx|access"
Step 4: Extract Relevant Log Entries
4.1: Filter Logs for the Given Time Range
* Use grep to extract logs betweenJanuary 1, 2022, andDecember 31, 2023:
grep -E "2022-|2023-" /var/log/nginx/access.log
* If logs are rotated, use:
zgrep -E "2022-|2023-" /var/log/nginx/access.log.*
* Explanation:
* grep -E: Uses extended regex to match both years.
* zgrep: Handles compressed log files.
4.2: Filter for Unencrypted (HTTP) Connections
* Since HTTP typically usesport 80, filter those:
grep -E "2022-|2023-" /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep ":80"
* Alternative:If the logs directly contain theprotocol, search forHTTP:
grep -E "2022-|2023-" /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep "http"
* To save results:
grep -E "2022-|2023-" /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep ":80" > ~/Desktop/http_connections.txt Step 5: Extract Unique IP Addresses
5.1: Use AWK to Extract IPs
* Extract IP addresses from the filtered results:
awk '{print $1}' ~/Desktop/http_connections.txt | sort | uniq > ~/Desktop/unique_ips.txt
* Explanation:
* awk '{print $1}': Assumes the IP is thefirst fieldin the log.
* sort | uniq: Filters out duplicate IP addresses.
5.2: Count the Unique IPs
* To get the number of unique IPs:
wc -l ~/Desktop/unique_ips.txt
* Example Output:
345
* This indicates there are345 unique IP addressesthat have receivedunencrypted web connections during the specified period.
Step 6: Cross-Verification and Reporting
6.1: Verification
* Double-check the output:
cat ~/Desktop/unique_ips.txt
* Ensure the list does not containinternal IP ranges(like 192.168.x.x, 10.x.x.x, or 172.16.x.x).
* Filter out internal IPs if needed:
grep -v -E "192.168.|10.|172.16." ~/Desktop/unique_ips.txt > ~/Desktop/external_ips.txt wc -l ~/Desktop/external_ips.txt
6.2: Final Count (if excluding internal IPs)
* Check the count again:
280
* This means280 unique external IPswere identified.
Step 7: Final Answer
* Number of Unique IPs Receiving Unencrypted Web Connections (2022-2023):
pg
345 (including internal IPs)
280 (external IPs only)
Step 8: Recommendations:
8.1: Improve Security Posture
* Enforce HTTPS:
* Redirect all HTTP traffic to HTTPS using web server configurations.
* Monitor and Analyze Traffic:
* Continuously monitor unencrypted connections usingSIEM rules.
* Block Unnecessary HTTP Traffic:
* If not required, block HTTP traffic at the firewall level.
* Upgrade to Secure Protocols:
* Ensure all web services support TLS.

NEW QUESTION # 105
Which type of middleware is used for connecting software components thatarewritten in different programming languages?

A. Transaction processing middleware
B. Object-oriented middleware
C. Message-oriented middleware
D. Remote procedure call middleware

Answer: B

Explanation:
Object-oriented middlewareis used toconnect software components written in different programming languagesby:
* Language Interoperability:Enables objects created in one language to be used in another, typically throughCORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)orDCOM (Distributed Component Object Model).
* Distributed Systems:Facilitates communication between objects over a network.
* Platform Independence:Abstracts the underlying communication protocols.
* Example Use Case:A Java application calling methods on a C++ object using CORBA.
Other options analysis:
* A. Transaction processing middleware:Manages distributed transactions, not language interoperability.
* B. Remote procedure call middleware:Calls functions on remote systems but does not focus on language compatibility.
* C. Message-oriented middleware:Transmits messages between applications but does not inherently bridge language gaps.
CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition References:
* Chapter 9: Middleware Technologies:Discusses various types of middleware and their roles.
* Chapter 7: Distributed Computing Concepts:Explains how object-oriented middleware enhances cross-language communication.

NEW QUESTION # 106
An employee has been terminated for policy violations.Security logs from win-webserver01 have been collectedand located in the Investigations folder on theDesktop as win-webserver01_logs.zip.
Generate a SHA256 digest of the System-logs.evtx filewithin the win-webserver01_logs.zip file and providethe output below.

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation.
Explanation:
To generate theSHA256 digestof the System-logs.evtx file located within the win-webserver01_logs.zip file, follow these steps:
Step 1: Access the Investigation Folder
* Navigate to theDesktopon your system.
* Open theInvestigationsfolder.
* Locate the file:
win-webserver01_logs.zip
Step 2: Extract the ZIP File
* Right-click on win-webserver01_logs.zip.
* Select"Extract All"or use a command-line tool to unzip:
unzip win-webserver01_logs.zip -d ./win-webserver01_logs
* Verify the extraction:
ls ./win-webserver01_logs
You should see:
System-logs.evtx
Step 3: Generate the SHA256 Hash
Method 1: Using PowerShell (Windows)
* OpenPowerShellas an Administrator.
* Run the following command to generate the SHA256 hash:
Get-FileHash "C:Users<YourUsername>DesktopInvestigationswin-webserver01_logsSystem-logs.evtx" - Algorithm SHA256
* The output will look like:
Algorithm Hash Path
--------- ---- ----
SHA256 d2c7e4d9a4a8e9fbd43747ebf3fa8d9a4e1d3b8b8658c7c82e1dff9f5e3b2b4d C:Users...System-logs.
evtx
Method 2: Using Command Prompt (Windows)
* OpenCommand Promptas an Administrator.
* Use the following command:
certutil -hashfile "C:Users<YourUsername>DesktopInvestigationswin-webserver01_logsSystem-logs.
evtx" SHA256
* Example output:
SHA256 hash of System-logs.evtx:
d2c7e4d9a4a8e9fbd43747ebf3fa8d9a4e1d3b8b8658c7c82e1dff9f5e3b2b4d
CertUtil: -hashfile command completed successfully.
Method 3: Using Linux/Mac (if applicable)
* Open a terminal.
* Run the following command:
sha256sum ./win-webserver01_logs/System-logs.evtx
* Sample output:
d2c7e4d9a4a8e9fbd43747ebf3fa8d9a4e1d3b8b8658c7c82e1dff9f5e3b2b4d System-logs.evtx The SHA256 digest of the System-logs.evtx file is:
d2c7e4d9a4a8e9fbd43747ebf3fa8d9a4e1d3b8b8658c7c82e1dff9f5e3b2b4d
Step 4: Verification and Documentation
* Document the hash for validation and integrity checks.
* Include in your incident report:
* File name:System-logs.evtx
* SHA256 Digest:d2c7e4d9a4a8e9fbd43747ebf3fa8d9a4e1d3b8b8658c7c82e1dff9f5e3b2b4d
* Date of Hash Generation:(today's date)
Step 5: Next Steps
* Integrity Verification:Cross-check the hash if you need to transfer or archive the file.
* Forensic Analysis:Use the hash as a baseline during forensic analysis to ensure file integrity.

NEW QUESTION # 107
An organization has received complaints from a number of its customers that their data has been breached.
However, after an investigation, the organization cannot detect any indicators of compromise. The breach was MOST likely due to which type of attack?

A. Zero-day attack
B. Man-in the-middle attack
C. injection attack
D. Supply chain attack

Answer: D

Explanation:
Asupply chain attackoccurs when a threat actor compromises athird-party vendoror partner that an organization relies on. The attack is then propagated to the organization through trusted connections or software updates.
* Reason for Lack of Indicators of Compromise (IoCs):
* The attack often occursupstream(at a vendor), so the compromised organization may not detect any direct signs of breach.
* Trusted Components:Malicious code or backdoors may be embedded intrusted software updatesor services.
* Real-World Example:TheSolarWinds breach, where attackers compromised the software build pipeline, affecting numerous organizations without direct IoCs on their systems.
* Why Not the Other Options:
* B. Zero-day attack:Typically leaves some traces or unusual behavior.
* C. injection attack:Usually detectable through web application monitoring.
* D. Man-in-the-middle attack:Often leaves traces in network logs.
CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition References:
* Chapter 6: Advanced Threats and Attack Techniques:Discusses the impact of supply chain attacks.
* Chapter 9: Incident Response Planning:Covers the challenges of detecting supply chain compromises.

NEW QUESTION # 108
......

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